Histórico, desafios e mudanças da auditoria no SUS enquanto instrumento de gestão / History, challenges and changes of auditing in the SUS as a management tool

Este trabalho de pesquisa realizou um histórico da Auditoria no SUS, sua formação, organização e atuação nas duas primeiras décadas dos anos 2000, evidenciando o Sistema Nacional de Auditoria, e seu órgão, o DENASUS, cuja nomenclatura foi recentemente modificada para AUDSUS. Destacou também, nesse contexto, o componente estadual de Auditoria da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro e seu alinhamento com os Planos Estaduais de Saúde. Buscou evidenciar as legislações que acompanharam e acompanham a Auditoria no SUS e sua correlação com outros conceitos e outros Órgãos do Poder Público, como o Tribunal de Contas da União e a Controladoria Geral da União, pontuando os principais desafios e mudanças que se desdobraram. (AU)

This research work carried out a history of Auditing in the SUS, its formation, organization and performance in the first two decades of the 2000s, highlighting the National Audit System, and its body, DENASUS, whose nomenclature was recently changed to AUDSUS. He also highlighted, in this context, the state Audit component of the Rio de Janeiro State Health Secretariat and its alignment with the State Health Plans. It sought to highlight the laws that followed and follow the Audit in the SUS and its correlation with other concepts and other Public Power Bodies, such as the Federal Court of Auditors and the General Comptroller of the Union, pointing out the main challenges and changes that unfolded. (AU)

Impacto de condições bucais na qualidade de vida de crianças/adolescentes com e sem transtorno do espectro autista e de seus familiares / Impact of oral conditions on the quality of life of children/adolescents with and without Autistic Spectrum Disorder and their family

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto dos fatores psicossociais familiares relacionados à saúde bucal de crianças/adolescentes com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) comparados com a percepção de pais/cuidadores de crianças/adolescentes sem TEA. Para avaliação da percepção do impacto de condições bucais na qualidade de vida relacionada a saúde bucal (QVRSB), 80 crianças/adolescentes com TEA e 80 sem TEA foram examinadas. Os pais/cuidadores responderam a versão curta do Parental-Caregiver Perceptions Questionnaire (P-CPQ). A avaliação da influência dos fatores comportamentais na experiência de cárie dentária foi avaliada em 80 mães de crianças/adolescentes com TEA comparada com 76 mães de crianças/adolescentes sem TEA por meio dos questionários Senso de Coerência e Lócus de Controle (LOC). Informações sociodemográficas das famílias foram coletadas por meio de um questionário estruturado autorrespondido pelos responsáveis. Um único examinador avaliou os seguintes indicadores clínicos: cárie dentária (CPO-D/ceo-d), consequências clínicas da cárie dentária não tratada (PUFA/pufa), presença de placa visível (IPV), sangramento à sondagem periodontal (ISS), má oclusão e traumatismos dentoalveolares (TD). O teste Wilcoxon comparou os domínios e o escore total do P- CPQ entre indivíduos com e sem TEA. O teste qui-quadrado de Pearson foi empregado para avaliar a associação entre o escore total do P-CPQ com os dados sociodemográficos, de saúde e com os indicadores clínicos. As variáveis que apresentaram um nível de significância (p<0,20) na análise bivariada foram incorporadas no modelo final da regressão de Poisson (IC 95%, p<0,05). Para a análise dos fatores comportamentais, os testes Qui-quadrado de Pearson, Teste-t de Student e Teste de Mann-Whitney foram realizados para avaliar as diferenças de experiência de cárie e variáveis independentes em ambos os grupos. As variáveis que apresentaram nível de significância (p<0,20) no modelo não-ajustado da Regressão Logística foram incorporadas no modelo final da regressão (IC 95%, p<0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas em relação à percepção de pais/cuidadores das crianças/adolescentes com TEA sobre as repercussões das condições bucais na qualidade de vida de seus filhos quando comparados à percepção dos pais/cuidadores dos indivíduos sem TEA (p=0,721). O modelo ajustado de crianças com TEA encontrou que crianças que já haviam realizado visita prévia ao dentista têm 3,682 (IC 95% = 1,007 ­ 13,462) vezes mais chance de apresentar experiência de cárie dentária que crianças que nunca foram ao dentista. Enquanto crianças com presença de placa visível têm 3,426 (IC 95% = 1,089 ­ 10,783) vezes mais chance de apresentar experiência de cárie dentária quando comparadas a crianças que não possuem placa visível. A presença de placa visível e a atribuição do acaso ao LOC materno foram determinantes para maior prevalência de experiência de cárie dentária em crianças/adolescentes sem TEA. O grupo com TEA apresentou os mesmos fatores, entretanto a visita prévia ao dentista também foi determinante. A experiência de cárie dentária ainda foi associada à percepção da ocorrência de repercussões negativas na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal das crianças/adolescentes com TEA.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of family psychosocial factors related to the oral health of children/adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) compared with the perception of parents/caregivers of children/adolescents without ASD. To assess the perception of the impact of oral conditions on oral health- related quality of life (QHRSB), 80 children/adolescents with ASD and 80 without ASD were examined. Parents/caregivers answered the short version of the Parental- Caregiver Perceptions Questionnaire (P-CPQ). The evaluation of the influence of behavioral factors on the experience of dental caries was evaluated in 80 mothers of children/adolescents with ASD compared with 76 mothers of children/adolescents without ASD using the Sense of Coherence and Locus of Control (LOC) questionnaires. Socio-demographic information of the families was collected through a structured questionnaire self-reported by the guardians. A single examiner evaluated the following clinical indicators: dental caries (DMFT/dmft), clinical consequences of untreated dental caries (PUFA/pufa), presence of visible plaque (IPV), bleeding on periodontal probing (ISS), malocclusion and dentoalveolar trauma (TD). The Wilcoxon test compared the domains and the total score of the P-CPQ between individuals with and without ASD. Pearson's chi-square test was used to assess the association between the total P-CPQ score and sociodemographic and health data and clinical indicators. Variables that showed a significance level (p<0.20) in the bivariate analysis were incorporated into the final Poisson regression model (95% CI, p<0.05). For the analysis of behavioral factors, Pearson's chi-square test, Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney test were performed to assess differences in caries experience and independent variables in both groups. The variables that showed a significance level (p<0.20) in the unadjusted logistic regression model were incorporated into the final regression model (95% CI, p<0.05). No statistically significant differences were found in relation to the perception of parents/caregivers of children/adolescents with ASD about the repercussions of oral conditions on their children's quality of life when compared to the perception of parents/caregivers of individuals without ASD (p=0.721). The adjusted model of children with ASD found that children who had already made a previous visit to the dentist are 3.682 (95% CI = 1.007 ­ 13.462) times more likely to experience dental caries than children who had never been to the dentist. While children with visible plaque are 3.426 (95% CI = 1.089 ­ 10.783) times more likely to experience dental caries when compared to children who do not have visible plaque. The presence of visible plaque and the attribution of chance to maternal LOC were determinants for a higher prevalence of dental caries in children/adolescents without ASD. The group with ASD presented the same factors, however the previous visit to the dentist was also decisive. The experience of dental caries was also associated with the perception of the occurrence of negative repercussions on the quality of life related to the oral health of children/adolescents with ASD.

Problemas internalizantes e externalizantes de crianças e adolescentes com fibrose cística / Internalizing and externalizing problems of children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis / Problemas de internalización y externalización de niños y adolescentes con fibrosis quística

A fibrose cística é uma doença genética, ainda sem cura, provocada por mutações cromossômicas, que pode afetar vários sistemas, dentre os quais o respiratório e o digestivo são os mais comumente atingidos. O adoecimento crônico traz alterações psicológicas para os pacientes e seus cuidadores. Com o objetivo de avaliar problemas internalizantes e externalizantes, e também competências de crianças e adolescentes com fibrose cística, foram entrevistados 31 cuidadores familiares, majoritariamente mães de pacientes na faixa etária de 6 a 18 anos, em salas de espera de três centros de referência no tratamento da doença na cidade de São Paulo. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Inventário de Comportamentos da Infância e da Adolescência e diário de campo. Os resultados apontaram a prevalência de problemas internalizantes em adolescentes com fibrose cística. A análise do diário de campo indicou dificuldades na adesão ao tratamento e demandas de atendimento psicológico não assistidas em pacientes e seus cuidadores familiares. A ausência de profissional de Psicologia nas equipes multiprofissionais configurou-se como um prejuízo frente as condições psicológicas dos pacientes de fibrose cística e seus cuidadores familiares.(AU)

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease, still without cure, caused by chromosomal mutations that can affect various systems, the respiratory and digestive systems being the most common. Chronic illness brings psychological changes to patients and their caregivers. Aiming to evaluate internalizing and externalizing problems, and competences of children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis, we interviewed 31 family caregivers, mostly mothers, of patients aged 6 to 18 years in waiting rooms of three Reference Centers in the treatment of the disease in the municipality of São Paulo, state of São Paulo. The instruments used were: Child behavior checklist and Field Diary. The results pointed out the prevalence of internalizing problems in patients with cystic fibrosis in adolescence. Field diary analysis indicated difficulties in adherence to treatment and unassisted demands for psychological care in patients and their family caregivers. The absence of a Psychology professional in the multiprofessional teams showed to be prejudicial to the psychological conditions of cystic fibrosis patients and their family caregivers.(AU)

La fibrosis quística es una enfermedad genética, aún sin cura, causada por mutaciones cromosómicas y que puede afectar varios sistemas, entre ellos los sistemas respiratorio y digestivo son los más comunes. La enfermedad crónica trae cambios psicológicos a los pacientes y sus cuidadores. Para evaluar los problemas de internalización y externalización, así como las competencias de niños y adolescentes con fibrosis quística, se entrevistó a 31 cuidadores familiares, en su mayoría madres de pacientes de 6 a 18 años de edad, en salas de espera de tres centros de referencia en el tratamiento de la enfermedad en la ciudad de São Paulo. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: Inventario del Comportamiento de Niños y Adolescentes y diario de campo. Los resultados mostraron la prevalencia de problemas de internalización en pacientes con fibrosis quística en la adolescencia. El análisis del diario de campo indicó dificultades en la adherencia al tratamiento y demandas de asistencia psicológica no asistida en pacientes y sus cuidadores familiares. Se hace necesario un profesional de psicología en los equipos multiprofesionales ante las condiciones psicológicas de los pacientes con fibrosis quística y sus cuidadores familiares.(AU)

Evidências de validade da escala de locus de controle da preservação e conservação ambiental / Evidence of validity of the locus scale for environmental preservation and conservation control

A questão ambiental é um campo de grande importância na atualidade, principalmente no que tange aos estudos sobre valores pró-ambientais. Uma interação normalmente investigada consiste na relação entre conexão com a natureza e locus de controle, especialmente considerando a crença por parte do indivíduo de que suas ações sejam importantes para a conservação do meio ambiente. Participaram do estudo 898 estudantes universitários, sendo 452 (49,8%) homens, 456 (50,2%) mulheres de idade média, de 28,87 (DP=8,90) anos, do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Para fins de validade interna, foram empregados procedimentos de análise fatorial. A escala foi analisada também junto à medida de conexão com a natureza, para oferecer uma evidência inicial de validade concorrente. Conexão com a natureza foi mensurada por meio da escala proposta por Mayer e Frantz (2004). A Escala de Locus de Controle da Preservação Ambiental foi desenvolvida neste estudo. Considerando os resultados obtidos, é possível afirmar uma qualidade satisfatória da medida desenvolvida.

The environmental issue is a field of great importance today, especially with regard to studies on pro-environmental values. A commonly investigated interaction is the relationship between connection with nature and locus of control, especially considering the individuals' beliefs that their actions are important for the conservation of the environment. The study included 898 university students, which 452 (49.8%) were men, 456 (50.2%) were women of average age, of 28.87 (SD = 8.90) years old, from the state of Rio de Janeiro. For purposes of internal validity, factor analysis procedures were used. The scale was also analyzed together with the measure of connection with nature, to offer initial evidence of concurrent validity. Connection with nature was measured using the scale proposed by Mayer and Frantz (2004). The Locus Scale for Environmental Preservation Control was developed in this study. Considering the results obtained, it is possible to affirm a satisfactory quality of the measure developed.

Who is in charge when I have a headache? Brazilian version of the Headache-Specific Locus of Control Scale / Quem está no comando quando tenho uma cefaleia? Versão brasileira de Escala de Lócus de Controle Específica para Cefaleia

ABSTRACT Background: Headache-Specific Locus of Control (LOC) refers to individuals' beliefs about their control over the onset, course and consequences of headaches. LOC beliefs have been associated with depression, coping strategies, headache-related disability and treatment outcomes. Objective: To test the cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of a Brazilian version of the Headache-Specific Locus of Control Scale (HSLC). Methods: One hundred and thirty-four migraine outpatients completed the HSLC and provided measurements of psychopathological symptoms, pain catastrophizing, depression, anxiety, quality of life and headache-related disability. Results: The three-factor structure of the HSLC (LOC-P, LOC-C and LOC-I) was confirmed in the Brazilian sample. The instrument showed good internal consistency, with Cronbach's α of 0.77 for total HSLC and 0.70, 0.83 and 0.87, for LOC-P, LOC-C and LOC-I, respectively. LOC-C correlated with headache frequency and headache intensity. Along with headache intensity, depression and pain catastrophizing, LOC-I accounted for 45% of the variance (adjusted R2=0.45; F=12.97; p<0.01) in headache-related disability. Conclusions: The Brazilian version of the HSLC is a valid and reliable measure of headache-specific LOC beliefs. It is important to consider the balance between the three LOCs for each individual, instead of interpreting them separately.

RESUMO Introdução: O lócus de controle específico para a dor de cabeça (LOC) refere-se às crenças dos indivíduos acerca de seu controle sobre o início, o curso e as consequências das dores de cabeça. As crenças sobre LOC têm sido associadas à depressão, às estratégias de enfrentamento, à incapacidade relacionada às dores de cabeça e aos resultados do tratamento. Objetivo: Testar a adaptação transcultural e as propriedades psicométricas de uma versão brasileira da Escala de Lócus de Controle Específico para Dor de Cabeça (HSLC). Método: Cento e trinta e quatro pacientes ambulatoriais com enxaqueca completaram a HSLC e medidas de sintomas psicopatológicos, catastrofização da dor, depressão, ansiedade, qualidade de vida e incapacidade relacionada à dor de cabeça. Resultados: A estrutura de 3 fatores da HSLC (LOC-P, LOC-C e LOC-I) foi confirmada na amostra brasileira. O instrumento demonstrou boa consistência interna, com α de Cronbach de 0,77 para HSLC total e de 0,70, 0,83 e 0,87 para LOC-P, LOC-C e LOC-I, respectivamente. LOC-C correlacionou-se com a frequência e a intensidade da dor de cabeça. Acompanhado de intensidade da dor de cabeça, depressão e catastrofização da dor, o LOC-I foi responsável por 45% da variância (R2 ajustado=0,45; F=12,97; p<0,01) na incapacidade relacionada à dor de cabeça. Conclusões: A versão brasileira da HSLC é uma medida válida e confiável de crenças de LOC específicas para dor de cabeça. É importante considerar o equilíbrio entre os três LOCs para cada indivíduo, em vez de interpretá-los separadamente.

The correlation between children's own health control and their health perceptions and behaviours, and the associated factors

The study was conducted as a correlational descriptive study to determine the correlation between children's own health control and their health perceptions and behaviours, as well as the associated factors. The sample of the study consisted of 963 children in the age group of 7-12 years studying at one primary schools affiliated with the Ministry of National Education. It was determined that age affected health control and health perception and behaviours in children. A positive significant correlation was found between the health locus of control and health perceptions and behaviours of the children. The children had positive health behaviours, and they had high internal control in their own health management. In accordance with these results, children's own health management should be increased to increase their positive perceptions and behaviours.

Correlation of telomere length and serotonin levels with job stress and locus of control type among nurses at a private hospital in Gianyar, Indonesia

Objectives@#Telomere length and its relationship to job stress among workers in the health sector in Indonesia, especially in Bali, have never been studied. The purpose of the study was to analyze the correlation of the telomere length and serotonin levels to job stress and the type of locus of control (LOC) among nurses who were running shift work.

Consecuencias, visibilizaciones y negaciones de una pandemia: los procesos de autoatención / Consequences, visibility and denial of a pandemic: processes of self-care

RESUMEN La pandemia de COVID-19 evidenció, una vez más, la importancia estructural y decisiva de los procesos de salud/enfermedad/atención-prevención, dado que ha generado consecuencias y reacciones en todos los ámbitos de la vida colectiva e individual, como ningún otro proceso podría generar. En función de ello, se esperaba que la intelligentzia focalizara el papel de este tipo de procesos, pero una vez más los Agamben y los Žižek buscaron de inmediato en la pandemia sus profecías socioideológicas nunca cumplidas, en lugar de tratar de entender la realidad que estaba generando la pandemia en tanto proceso de salud/enfermedad/atención-prevención. Sobre la base de estas tendencias dominantes en la intelectualidad actual, en este texto realicé un análisis de los procesos de autoatención de los padecimientos, basados en los microgrupos, que han constituido el eje de las políticas de salud en todos los países. Es decir, el núcleo básico para enfrentar al COVID-19 ha sido y sigue siendo la autoatención, que constituye una de las estructuras que los microgrupos generan para poder vivir y sobrevivir, pero que la biomedicina ha manejado como "política" propia, ocultando una vez más dónde está el real poder de contención de esta pandemia.

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has shown - once again - the decisive and structural importance of health/disease/care-prevention processes, as it has generated consequences and reactions in all areas of collective and individual life in ways that no other process could. That being said, it was expected that the intelligentsia would focus their attention on these processes; however, figures such as Agamben and Žižek leaped at the opportunity to frame the pandemic in terms of their perennially unfulfilled socio-ideological prophecies rather than attempting to understand the reality of the pandemic as a health/disease/care-prevention process. Taking these dominant tendencies among contemporary intellectuals as a starting point, in this article I analyze the self-care processes of micro-groups related to disease, which have informed health policies in all countries. In other words, the core strategy for combatting COVID-19 has been and continues to be self-care, which constitutes one of the basic structures that micro-groups generate in order to live and to survive, but that biomedicine has coopted as a "policy" of its own making, thereby masking once again the true locus of power in containing the pandemic.

Social determinants of health and frailty are associated with all-cause mortality in older adults / Los determinantes de la salud y la fragilidad están asociados con la mortalidad por todas las causas en adultos mayores

Abstract: Objective: To examine the longitudinal association between the social determinants of health (SDH) and frailty status with all-cause mortality in older Mexican adults. Materials and methods: Longitudinal study with a sample of adults aged 60 and over of Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE) in Mexico. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the SDH and frailty-related hazard ratios (HR) for mortality over the study period. Results: Overall mortality rate was 16.9%. Higher education, having a higher frequency of inter-personal contacts (HR=0.96;p<0.01) reduced the risk of dying, after adjusting for potential confounders. While, not counting on someone to trust (HR= 1.59;p<0.03) and having a sense a lack of control over important decisions in life increased the mortality risk. Conclusions: Given that frailty and the SDH affect health using independent pathways, public health systems in Mexico could benefit from increasing the capacity of identifying frail and isolated older adults and providing a risk-stratified health care accordingly.

Resumen: Objetivo: Examinar la asociación longitudinal entre los determinantes sociales en salud (DSS) y la fragilidad con la mortalidad por todas las causas en adultos mayores mexicanos. Material y métodos: Estudio longitudinal con una muestra de adultos mayores de 60 años o más del estudio Envejecimiento Global y Salud de los Adultos (SAGE, por sus siglas en inglés) en México. Se utilizó el modelo riesgos proporcionales de Cox para estimar la asociación entre DSS y la fragilidad en la mortalidad. Resultados: La tasa de mortalidad general fue 16.9%. Tener mayor educación y una mayor frecuencia de contactos interpersonales (HR= 0.96,p<0.01) reducen el riesgo de morir, después de ajustar por covariables. Mientras tanto, no contar con alguien en quien confiar (HR= 1.59;p<0.03) y tener una sensación de falta de control sobre las decisiones importantes en la vida aumentan el riesgo de mortalidad. Conclusiones: Dado que la fragilidad y los DSS inciden sobre la salud usando vías independientes, el sistema de salud de México se beneficiaría al incrementar su capacidad para detectar a los adultos mayores frágiles y con aislamiento social, para proveer cuidados a la salud.

Factores protectores, cualidades positivas y psicopatología adolescente en contextos clínicos / Protective factors, positive qualities and psychopathology in adolescents in clinical settings

Resumen: Objetivo: Identificar la presencia de cualidades positivas y los problemas de salud mental en adolescentes que acuden a atención especializada. Material y métodos: Se evaluaron 145 pacientes de ambos sexos. Se utilizó la versión oficial internacional validada en español del Youth Self Report/11-18 (YSR/11-18) del ASEBA, que mide psicopatología y cualidades positivas, que son características personales asociadas con la adaptación positiva. Resultados: Las cualidades positivas más comúnmente reportadas fueron las relacionadas con el comportamiento social positivo, sin diferencias en las medias entre hombres y mujeres. Las mujeres presentaron niveles más altos de problemas internalizados y externalizados en comparación con los hombres. Conclusiones: Los adolescentes en escenarios clínicos muestran cualidades positivas tanto como psicopatología. Es importante identificar y fortalecer estas características como factores de protección en los adolescentes en contextos de riesgo. Las mujeres presentan mayor nivel de psicopatología por lo que la intervención preventiva implicaría un enfoque de género.

Abstract: Objective: To identify positive qualities and mental health problems in adolescents that are clients of a mental health specialized service. Materials and methods: The sample consisted of 145 patients of both sexes. The Mexican validated official international Hispanic version of the Youth Self Report/11-18 (YSR/11-18) was used; it measures psychopathology and individual characteristics associated with positive adaptation, called Positive Qualities. Results: The positive quality most commonly reported was related to the positive social behavior, without mean differences between girls and boys. Girls showed the highest level of internalizing and externalizing problems. Conclusions: Adolescents with psychopathology in clinical settings also show positive qualities. It is important to identify and enhance these characteristics as protective factors in adolescents living in high-risk contexts. Girls showed higher psychopathology levels, implying gender differences in preventive intervention.

An Integrative Literature Review of Resilience in Adult Children of Alcoholics: Focusing on Operational Definitions and Moderators / 정신간호학회지

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to explore operational definitions and moderators of the resilience of adult children of alcoholics (ACOA) and its associated variables. METHODS: This integrative review was conducted based on a literature review method suggested by Whittemore and Knafl. Databases including PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and RISS were searched using the combinations of search terms such as; ‘adult children of alcoholics,’ ‘parental alcoholism,’ ‘resilience,’ and ‘children of alcoholics.’ RESULTS: Seventeen studies were selected for this review. Findings of integrative reviews reported operational definitions for the resilience of ACOA and moderators. The operational definition of ACOA's resilience is: (1) having no behavioral and emotional problem, (2) meeting social and developmental expectancies, (3) having the ability to cope with adversity, (4) having high self-concept, and (5) having a meaningful relationship. In addition, the varying environmental moderators include family communication, qualities of caring environment, parental communication, parentification, and social support. Several moderators were identified as positive effect, self-esteem, alcohol-specific coping style, locus of control, spirituality, the image of God, and dyadic cohesion in marital communication. CONCLUSION: Our study findings emphasize comprehensive understanding of diverse definition of resilience and moderators in developing nursing interventions to promote resilience in ACOA.

An Analysis of Individual and Social Factors Affecting Occupational Accidents

BACKGROUND: Workforce health is one of the primary and most challenging issues, particularly in industrialized countries. This article aims at modeling the major factors affecting accidents in the workplace, including general health, work-family conflict, effortereward imbalance, and internal and external locus of control. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Esfahan Steel Company in Iran. A total of 450 participants were divided into two groups—control and case—and the questionnaires were distributed among them. Data were collected through a 7-part questionnaire. Finally, the results were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 and Amos software. RESULTS: All the studied variables had a significant relationship with the accident proneness. In the case group, general health with a coefficient of −0.37, work-family conflict with 0.10, effort-reward imbalance with 0.10, internal locus of control with −0.07, and external locus of control with 0.40 had a direct effect on occupational stress. Occupational stress also had a positive direct effect on accident proneness with a coefficient of 0.47. In addition, fitness indices of control group showed general health (−0.35), work-family conflict (0.36), effort-reward imbalance (0.13), internal locus of control (−0.15), and external locus of control (0.12) have a direct effect on occupational stress. Besides, occupational stress with a coefficient of 0.09 had a direct effect on accident proneness. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that although previous studies and the present study showed the effect of stress on accident and accident proneness, some hidden and external factors such as workefamily conflict, effortereward imbalance, and external locus of control that affect stress should also be considered. It helps industries face less occupational stress and, consequently, less occurrence rates of accidents.

Some correlates of academic dishonesty among undergraduates in Ogun state, Nigeria / Algunas correlaciones de deshonestidad académica entre estudiantes universitarios en el estado de Ogun, Nigeria

The purpose of the study is to examine factors associated with academic dishonesty among serial-academically frustrated students in Ogun State, Nigeria. Two hundred and fifty undergraduates registered with the academic empowerment programme at a private university in Nigeria were purposively selected for this study. The ages of the participants ranged from 17 to 21 years. Both the independent and dependent variables were measured with standardised instruments. The results showed that the independent variables jointly and relatively had significant influence on academic dishonesty among the sampled undergraduates. The result also showed gender difference in academic self-efficacy, locus of control and academic dishonesty but had no significant difference on motivation and academic dishonesty among male and female respondents. Implications for this study include the need to encourage character strength and development for enhancing the overall positive classroom behaviours, which eventually lead to successful academic achievement. University school counsellors should be saddled with the responsibility of nurturing the healthy development of all students.

El propósito de este estudio es examinar algunos factores (autoeficacia académica, motivación, lugar de control y género) asociados con la deshonestidad académica. Se seleccionaron 250 participantes de ambos sexos (76% hombres y 24% mujeres) de edades comprendidas entre 17 y 21 años utilizando la técnica de muestreo intencional. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron la escala general de autoeficacia, la escala de motivación académica, la escala de locus de control académico y la escala de deshonestidad académica. Se realizaron coeficientes de correlación, análisis de regresión y pruebas t. Autoeficacia académica, locus de control y motivación relacionada con la deshonestidad académica. Hubo una diferencia de género en la autoeficacia académica, el lugar de control y la deshonestidad académica. Los resultados y las implicaciones se discuten más a fondo.

The relationship between locus of control and depression: A cross-sectional survey with university students in Botswana

Background: Research has consistently revealed a positive association between external locus of control and depression. Little, if any, research has investigated locus of control and depression in the sociocultural context of Botswana.Aim: To explore the relationship between locus of control and depression among undergraduate students in Botswana and to determine the impact of age and gender on this relationship. Setting: University of Botswana. Methods: A sample of 272 students was surveyed through a self-administered questionnaire, which included the Levenson's multidimensional locus of control scale, the Beck Depression Inventory-II and demographic questions. Data analysis utilised descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, independent samples t-tests and standard multiple regression analysis. Results: Of the 272 participants, 47.3% scored low (minimal) levels of depression, 23.4% scored mild levels, 18.0% scored moderate levels and 11.3% scored severe levels of depression. Students who believed that they were in control of events in their lives were less likely to present with depressive symptoms (r = -0.29, p = 0.000), while students who believed that chance (r = 0.45,p = 0.000) or powerful others (r = 0.40, p = 0.000) controlled their lives were more likely to have high depression scores. Both internal and external locus of control, together with age, explained 31% of the variance in depression scores; gender made no significant contribution to levels of depression.Conclusion: The study results draw attention to locus of control as one of the cognitive variables associated with depression. Further research is needed to determine how locus of control can be addressed in the treatment and prevention of depression in university context

Attitude towards problem-based learning and its relationship with locus of control and academic self-concept among medical students / 한국의학교육

PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess the degree of acceptance of problem-based learning (PBL) among phase one medical students and its association with academic self-concept (ASC) and internal locus of control (ILOC). METHODS: A 5-point Likert scale valid and reliable questionnaire assessing the attitude towards PBL, ASC, and ILOC was given to phase one medical students at MAHSA University. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS ver. 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, USA). RESULTS: Out of 255 participants, there were 84 males and 171 females, 175 Malaysians and 80 non-Malaysians. The results showed an overall acceptance of PBL with a mean of 3.7±0.07, ASC of 3.5±0.05 and ILOC of 2.9±0.05. Females showed a higher significant acceptance of PBL, ASC, and ILOC as compared with males. There was no difference between Malaysians and non-Malaysians in any of the variables measured. Simple regression analysis revealed a significant predictive effect of acceptance of PBL on ASC and ILOC (r=0.44 and r=0.88, respectively). CONCLUSION: The higher the acceptance of PBL among students, the higher is the ASC and ILOC. This reflects the importance of PBL as a teaching method as well as the importance of increasing the level of appreciation of PBL amongst students.

The Status of Nutritional Supplements Nutritional Supplements and Factors affecting Health Promotion Behaviors in Pregnant Women

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships among nutritional supplement intake, subjective health status, health control level and health promotion behaviors and to investigate factors affecting health promotion behaviors in pregnant women. METHODS: A total of 153 pregnant women was recruited from a university hospital in J city in Korea. Data were collected using self-reported questionnaires. RESULTS: Most participants (91.5%) took nutritional supplements. Health promotion behavior had positive correlations with subjective health status (r=0.313, p < 0.001), internal control (r=0.229, p=0.004), powerful others locus of control (r=0.162, p=0.046), and doctors locus of control (r=0.215, p=0.008). There was a negative correlation between health promotion behavior and chance locus of control (r=−0.273, p=0.001). Health status (β=0.25, p=0.001), chance locus of control (β=−0.28, p < 0.001), doctors locus of control (β=0.20, p=0.009), and powerful others locus of control (β=0.16, p=0.033) were significant predictors for health promotion behavior. These variables explained 25.8% of the variance in health promotion behavior. CONCLUSION: The study results indicate that it is necessary to develop a nutrition education program and nursing intervention in order to promote health for pregnant women.

Relación entre satisfacción laboral, estrés laboral y sus resultados en trabajadores de una institución de beneficencia de la Provincia de Concepción / Relationship between job satisfaction, work stress and its results in workers of a charity institution of the Province of Concepcion

Resumen: El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la relación entre el estrés laboral y la satisfacción laboral en una Institución de Beneficencia en la Provincia de Concepción. Se desarrolla un estudio empírico trans versal, descriptivo correlacional, con un universo del estudio conformado por 184 trabajadores, segmentado en cinco grupos. El cuestionario autoadministrado y anónimo con 71 ítems divididos en 3 secciones: información general, estrés laboral y satisfacción laboral. El análisis de fiabilidad del cuestionario presento valores de alfa de Cronbach, para Satisfacción Laboral entre 0,656 y 0,923, para Estrés Laboral entre 0,635 y 0,927 siendo aceptable la fiabilidad en ambos. En general, respecto al estrés todos los grupos de trabajo se ubican en el cuadrante baja tensión, baja demanda psicológica, alto control laboral y alto apoyo global. Respecto a Satisfacción laboral el promedio general en las líneas de trabajo evaluadas es de 3,8 puntos, lo que denota un nivel mediano de satisfacción laboral. Las correlaciones permiten concluir que a mayor percepción de las variables de Satisfacción laboral y mayor Control sobre el trabajo, se logra reducir el grado de estrés. Además la dimensión de Apoyo Social Laboral Global aumenta la Satisfacción Laboral, permitiendo disminuir el estrés.

Abstract: The objective of this research is to analyze the relationship between work stress and job satisfaction in a Charity Institution in the Province of Concepción. A cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational empirical study was developed, with a study universe consisting of 184 workers, divided into five groups. The self-administered and anonymous questionnaire with 71 items divided into 3 sections: general information, work stress and job satisfaction. The reliability analysis of the questionnaire presented values of Cronbach's alpha, for Labor Satisfaction between 0.656 and 0.923, for Labor Stress between 0.635 and 0.927, the reliability being acceptable in both. In general, with respect to stress, all work groups are located in the low tension, low psychological demand, high labor control and high global support quadrant. Regarding Job Satisfaction, the general average in the evaluated work lines is 3.8 points, which denotes a medium level of job satisfaction. The correlations allow us to conclude that the greater the perception of the variables of job satisfaction and greater control over work, the reduction of the degree of stress is achieved. In addition, the dimen sion of Global Labor Social Support increases the Labor Satisfaction, allowing to reduce stress.

Prevalência de problemas de saúde mental na infância na atenção primária / Childhood Mental Health Problems in Primary Care

Resumo O presente estudo populacional de corte transversal teve como objetivo verificar a prevalência de problemas de saúde mental (PSM) e descrever o uso de serviços de saúde numa amostra de crianças atendidas em unidades de saúde (UBS) do município de São Paulo. Responsáveis de 825 crianças de 6-11 anos de idade foram entrevistados. PSM das crianças foram avaliados pelo "Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire" e uso de serviços por uma versão adaptada do "Client Service Receipt Inventory Children's version". A prevalência de PSM internalizantes e externalizantes foi de 30,7% e 18,3%, respectivamente. O pediatra foi o profissional de saúde mais consultado (56,7%), o psicólogo foi o profissional da saúde mental mais consultado (7,9%). Apenas 3 crianças estavam em tratamento medicamentoso para PSM. A alta prevalência de PSM em crianças atendidas na AP e o baixo número de atendimentos em serviços configuram um importante problema de saúde pública. Programas de capacitação para profissionais são importantes para aprimorar a identificação e o encaminhamento de casos de PSM.

Abstract The present population study aimed at identifying the prevalence of mental health problems (MHP) and describing health services use in a sample of children attending Primary Healthcare Units (PHU) in the city of Sao Paulo. Caregivers of 825 6-11 years old children were assessed. MHP were assessed with the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire and health services use with an adapted version of the Client Receipt Inventory Children`s version. Prevalence of internalizing and externalizing MHP was 30.7% and 18.3%, respectively. Pediatricians were the most consulted health professional (56.7%) and psychologists the most consulted mental health professional (7.9%). Only 3 children were under medication treatment for MHP. The high prevalence of MHP among children in the primary care setting and the low rate of treatment constitute a public health problem. Training programs for health professionals are relevant to help identify and refer MHP cases.

Cross-cultural adaptation of Rotter's General Locus of Control instrument / Adaptação transcultural do instrumento de Locus of Control Geral de Rotter

Abstract Objective To perform a cross-cultural adaptation of the General Locus of Control (GLoC) questionnaire, which measures where people place causation of events in their lives, i.e., if they interpret events as being the result of their own actions or external factors. Methods After translation and back-translation, a multidisciplinary committee judged and elaborated different versions of the GLoC questionnaire, with a focus on conceptual equivalence, content, comprehensibility and adjustment to the Brazilian socioeconomic context. The final version was tested on 71 healthy subjects, of whom 36 were reinterviewed and answered the GLoC questionnaire twice, after a mean of 73.06±74.15 days (range = 29-359). Results The participants' mean age was 30.82±12.83 years (range = 18-69), 62% were women, and mean years of schooling were 12.54±4.21. Test-retest reliability (Pearson's) was r = 0.828. Internal consistency resulted in a Cronbach's alpha of 0.906. The mean GLoC score obtained was 8.77±3.11 (n = 71). Conclusion The Portuguese version of the GLoC questionnaire is a faithful adaptation of Rotter's original questionnaire.

Resumo Objetivo Realizar a adaptação transcultural do questionário General Locus of Control (GLoC), que avalia a que as pessoas atribuem a causa dos seus eventos de vida, isto é, se interpretam os eventos como sendo resultado de suas próprias ações ou de fatores externos. Métodos Após as fases de tradução e retrotradução do instrumento, uma equipe multidisciplinar julgou as versões obtidas quanto à manutenção do conceito original, compreensibilidade e clareza para o contexto socioeconômico da população brasileira. A versão final foi testada em 71 indivíduos saudáveis, dos quais 36 responderam duas vezes ao questionário, com um intervalo de 73,06±74,15 (29-359) dias. Resultados A média de idade dos participantes foi de 30,82±12,83 anos (com variação de 18-69), 62% eram mulheres, e o número médio de anos de escolaridade foi 12,54±4,21. A análise de confiabilidade teste-reteste (coeficiente de correlação de Pearson) foi r = 0,828. A análise de consistência interna resultou em um valor de Crohnbach de 0,906. O escore médio entre aplicações do teste foi de 8,77±3,11 (n = 71). Conclusão A versão em português do questionário GLoC é uma adaptação fiel ao instrumento original de Rotter.